INTRODUCTION:

Plants produces primary and secondary metabolites during their metabolic pathway like proteins, sugars, amino acids, carboxylic acids and alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, glycosides, phenolics, saponins etc. The presence of these phyto-constituents makes them an efficacious herbal drug. Many parts of plant shows specific characteristics and properties. So for the use of all plants parts in pharmacological, antimicrobial and clinical research, it is therefore necessary to identify the active principles (phytoconstituents) and also their possible side effects to enhance product quality ^[^1]. This plant species shows the symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria and fix atmospheric nitrogen used for its growth and also for the enrichment of the rhizosphere. It is a multipurpose fast growing tree. It also grown as an ornamental tree due to its pleasant appearance or shade tree ^[^2] and also used to control the soil erosion due to the shapes of root which helps in binding the soil and took to soil conservation and erosion management. Its leaves can be also used as green manure.

It is considered as an important plant for both industrial and medicinal uses ^[^3] The plant has a remarkable reputation due to its food, feed, and medicinal value ^[4] It is cultivated in farmlands, along roadsides, irrigated plantations and riveroin tracks. It also provides fuel wood. Their leaf contains 16.8-25.5% crude protein and is excellent source of fodder ^[^5]

Botanical Classification ^[^6] :

Kingdom	Plantae
Division	Magnoliophyta
Class	magnoliopsida
Order	fabales
Family	fabaceae
Genus	Albizia
Species	Albizia lebbeck

Taxonomy and nomenclature^[^7]

Family: Fabaceae - Mimosoideae

Synonyms: English: Siris Tree, Lebbeck Tree

Hindi: Siris, Shiris

Sanskit : Bhandi, sitapuspa, sukapriya, Mrdupuspa

Urdu: Siris

Bengali. Sirish, Siris

Gujrati. : Shirish

Kannad. : Bagey, Bage Mara, Hombage

Malyalam.: Vaka, Nanmenivaka

Marathi: Siris

Oriya : Sersuan, Sirisha

Punjabi: Sirish, Sareehn

Tamil: Vakai

Telgu.: Dirisena

Common names:

East Indian walnut, fry wood, koko, lebbek, lebbek tree, siris tree, women's tongue tree, lebbekboom, ebano oriental, coraçao de negro, lingua de mulher, lingua de sogra^[8].

In India:

bage, begemara, bengha, beymada, bhandir, diriina, chinchola, darshana, dieng salvrin, dirasan, dirasanam, dirisana, doddabagi, gachoda, garso, goddahunse, harreri, hirih, kalbaghi, kalshish, karuvagei, katu vagai, katvaghe, kinhi, kokko, kona, kothia koroi, lasrin, mathirsi, moroi, munipriva, nenmenivaka, salaunjal, samkesar sirisha, sarin, sarshio, seleyadamara sirsul, shrin, shirson, shirish, sirai, sirar, siras, sirin, siris, sirish, sirisah, tantia, tinia, vaga, vagai, vagei, vaka, vakai, vellavaka, velvgai, voghe^[3].

Distribution and habitat:

The species is native to India, the Andaman Island, Myanmar, tropical Africa, Asia and northern Australia and also distributed in tropical and subtropical areas ^[^9] also found in dense deciduous forests in tropical and subtropical countries of Asia, as Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Africa, Australia^[^2], China, Thailand, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, the eastern islands of Indonesia^[3].

Description of A. lebbeck:

Large deciduous perennial medium-sized legume tree with dark grey bark, usually cracked, young parts usually hairy^[^{10, 8]}. The growth of tree is seen in straight bole shaped in dense forests but in open areas they are spreading and low branching^[^11]_.The plant species produce an incessant rattle in the wind, reminding women's chatter, hence the name "women's tongue” is given to this plant^[8]. Tree shows its growth seasonally, with no growth in the early part of the dry season. Leaf loss occurs 2-3 months later, and the tree remains leafless for 1-2 months at the end of dry season growth resumes and flowering begins ^[^12].It is used as a honey tree due to its production of both nectar and pollen ^[^13]_. If the standard hard-seeded legume scarification processes are followed, seeds can be germinated easily and seedlings can be developing as a broad root zone ^[14].

Ecology:

It grows in a wide range of climates, covering an annual rainfall range of 600 - 2500 mm, and can also be grown successfully in areas with an annual rainfall as low as 400 mm. It can tolerate lower and more irregular rainfall conditions. It grows in Himalayan valleys up to 1600 m. Found from sea level up to 1800 m altitude. The species shows high adaptation to a wide range of soil types, from acidic soils to alkaline and saline, eroded soils, laterites except heavy clays conditions. Older trees can withstand in heavy grazing and fire by utilizing the reserves in the root system and, young plants can also enable to survive in total defoliation from fire or grazing and night frosts of considerable intensity. Average day temperatures ranging from 19°C to 35°C is needed for optimal growth. The seedlings are unable to tolerate frost. The trees are leafless for only 4-6 weeks and their after new leaves are produced at the height of the dry season, followed in the tropics by a gregarious flowering ^{[8,
9, 13]}.The plant is also used as a windbreak crop ^[4].

Medicinal uses of Plant:

Traditionally plant is used as anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility and anti-diarrhoeal, antiseptic, anti-dysenteric, anti-tubercular, leprosy, paralysis, helmenth infection ^[^10], Allergic rhinitis ^[^15], astringent, to treat the eye, psychoactive, flu, lung problems, pectoral problems, cough, gingivitis, abdominal tumors ^[^3]. It is also used in the treatment of ringworms and wounds by washing the affected areas, gonorrhea, leucorrhoea and other genital diseases ^[16]. Plant also shows cardio protective effects^[^17].

Plant parts used in traditional system of Medicine:

Leaves, ^[^3] Bark, flower, seeds ^[^18]

Phytoconstituents of Plant:

The main phytoconstituents of plant are melacacidin, D-catechin, β-sitosterol, albiziahexoside, betulnic acid^[9] and echinocystic acid glycosides ^[^19] are mentioned in Figure 1.

Phytoconstituents of Roots:

Lupeol, stigmasterol, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid and trans-p-coumaric acid were isolated from the n-hexane and chloroform fractions of a methanol extract of the root of A. lebbeck ^[^10]echinocystic acid (saponin) ^[^3] stigmast-4, 20 (21), 23-trien-3-one (lebbeksterone) and an alcohol tricontan-10a-ol (Isotriacontanol), tricosanyloctadec-9-en-1-oate and pentacosanyloctadec-9-en-1-oate^[^20] are mentioned in Figure 1.

Uses of roots: Hemicranias ^[21]

Botanical Description of bark:

Grey, rough, and a little flaky; inside reddish ^[^3] sometimes dark brown to greenish black with longitudinal and transverse fissures on outer surface; inner surface whitish with fine longitudinal stations ^[^22]

Phytoconstituents of Bark:

D-catechin, isomers of leucocyanidin and melacacidin, leucoanthrocyanidin, lebbecacidin, friedelin, β-sitosterol^[^18],acacic acid lactone 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(l leads to 6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1 leads to 2)-O-[alpha-arabinopyranosyl (1 leads to 6)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1 leads to 2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside^[^23],anthraquinone glycosides^[15].For the determination of phytoconstituents in the bark of the plant, the ethanolic and petroleum ether extract of bark were made, and subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, followed by the method given in WHO Guidelines and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The result shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids and tannins in the ethanolic extract. Whereas fats and oils were present in the petroleum ether extract only ^[24] are mentioned in figure 1.

Physio-chemical analysis dry stem bark: ^[^3]

Loss on drying: less than7.0 (% w/w)

Ash content: less than 12.0 (% w/w)

Acid insoluble ash: less than 2.0 (% w/w)

Total soluble solid: greater than 85.0 (% w/w)

P^H: 5%w/v solution 4.0-7.0

Uses of bark:

Astringent, bitter, acrid, sweet, mildly thermo genic, expectorant, aphrodisiac, ophthalmic, depurative, restrorative, tonic^[^18] bronchitis, leprosy, paralysis, helminthes infections, antidiarrheal activity, dental infections ^[^25]toothache and diseases of the gum^[15],eczema, pruritus, worm infestation and paralysis^[^3],alexiteric, anthelmintic, cures diseases of blood, leucoderma, itching, skin disease, excessive perspiration, piles, deafness, boils, scabies, syphilis, and weakness^[^4] used for making soap and for tanning ^[^14].

Formulations containing A. lebbeck bark extract:

By using aqueous, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts in varied concentrations along with different polymer, the gel formulation was designed. The physiochemical parameters of formulations (p^H, viscosity, spread ability etc.) were determined. The results showed that formulation containing 2.5 gm of ethanolic extract of bark have promising effect than other formulations ^[26].

Botanical Description of heartwood:

Dark brown in colour streaked with dark and brown shades. The texture of the surface was appeared to be hard, rough and course in touch, and splintery in fracture characteristic with very mild characteristic odour with slightly astringent taste ^[^22].Wood provides good fuel and has a caloric value of 22 kilojoules per kg In India, annual wood yields of 5 m³/ha were recorded in rotations of 10 - 15 years, but yields depend on environmental conditions ^[^11].

Phytoconstituents of heartwood:

Melanoxetin, d-pinitol, okanin and leucopelangonidin, a stereoisomer (-) melacacidin (7,8,3’, 4’- tetrahedroxyflavan-3,4-diol), and lebbecacidin^[22]. In methanol extractive of heart wood phenols, tannins, flavonoid, proteins, carbohydrates, and glycoside were found to be present while saponins and alkaloids were absent ^[22].

Physicochemical evaluations of heartwood powder of A. lebbeck^[22]

Loss on drying: not more than 7% (w/w)

Ash value: not more than 3% (w/w)

Acid insoluble ash: not more than 2% (w/w)

Water Soluble ash: not more than 1% (w/w)

Water Soluble Extractive: not less than 7% (w/w)

Alcohol soluble extractive: not less than 16% (w/w)

P^H: 4.86±0.002

Uses of heartwood:

The heartwood is dense (specific gravity 0.55-0.60), use for making cabinet timber and also in the doors of Chinese temples ^[13] Pulp is short-fibered and used for paper production only when mixed with long-fibred pulp ^[11]furniture and veneer ^[14].

Botanical Description of leaves:

Bi-pinnate with 3-11 pairs of bright green, oblong to elliptic-oblong leaflets, asymmetrical 1.5-6.5 cm long x 0.5-3.5 cm broad entire, glabrous^[8]folding at night, the bright colour of leaflets changes into duller glaucous green on maturity^[13] when young, leaflets are nyctinastic, but fixed in older leaves^[3].

Phytoconstituents of leaves:

Flavone, 3', 5-dihydroxy-4', 7-dimethoxyflavone and a nitrogenous compound, N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol, friedelan-3-one and g-sitosterol; Hexaglycosylated saponins^[10], quercetin, unsaturated carboxylic acid methyl ester, a triterpene saponin, albigenic, albigenin,^[24]_;two tri-O-glycoside flavonols i.e, kaempferol, quercetin; albizziahexoside (a hexaglycosylated saponins)^{[27,28 3]} and cardiac glycoside ^[17]. On performing the phytochemical screening of leaves of different extract of A. lebbeck, it was observed that leaves were rich in flavonoids, tannins and saponins, along with the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, whereas, steroids are absent in all extracts and due to denaturation of proteins by heat, the absence of proteins and amino acids is also observed. On performing the FTIR spectrum of A. lebbeck leaves the various functional groups are identified^[29]. In dry ethanolic extracts of A. lebbeck leaves, FTIR analysis indicated the presence of alcohols, phenols, alkanes, carboxylic acids, aromatics, ketones and alkyl halides compounds ^[29] are mentioned in figure 1.

HPTLC Studies on the Phenyl Propanoids of A. lebbeck leaves^[30]

The mobile phase of toluene: chloroform:acetone (4: 2.5: 3.5 v/v/v) produced high resolution and more number of reproducible peaks for the phenyl propanoids of A. lebbeck leaves.

The petroleum ether extracts of A. lebbeck leaves displayed the presence of 13 types of phenyl propanoids with 13 different R_f values ranged from 0.02 to 0.92. of which two (R_f 0.48 and 0.83) were identified as phenyl propanoids, others were unknown.

The ethyl acetate extract of A. lebbeck leaves illustrated the presence of 14 different types of phenyl propanoids with 14 different R_f values with range from 0.01 to 0.94.

The methanolic extract of A. lebbeck leaves demonstrated the presence of 6 different types of phenyl propanoids with 6 different R_f values 0.02, 0.18, 0.32, 0.34, 0.76 and 0.94.

Medicinal uses of leaves:

Tuberculosis, reddishness of eyes, and trauma, antiseptic, antimicrobial, anti-ovulatory, anti-fertility, anti- protozoal, anti- dysenteric, anti- tubercular, anti-cancer activity^[27].

Botanical Description of flower:

Inflorescences are globular clusters and an axillary cluster of 15-40 white fragrant flowers^[8];Peduncle to 100 mm, pedicel 1.5-5 mm long, calyx puberulous, 3.5-5 mm long, corolla inconspicuous, 5 - 11 mm long, ending in 5 triangular lobes covered with soft downy hairs at the apex, free numerous filaments, 15-30 mm long, fused at the base, mostly white to cream, tipped with pale green, and becoming dark yellow with age^[3]. Pollination is done by insect ^[13] maturant, emollient, aphrodisiac, and their smell is useful in hemicranias^[4].

Chemical constituents of flower:

Lupeol, α and β amyrin ^[18], benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate and crocetin ^[10] different sterols i.e, taxerol, cycloartemol, lupeol, campesterol, sitosterol ^[3] triterpene, lebbekanin, saponin, saponin glycosides, crocetin lebbekanin-D, F, G & H ^[31]. On performing the preliminary qualitative analysis of A. lebbeck on flower powder; phenols tannins, flavonoids were present in the methanol and water extract, steroids and alkaloids were present in the methanol and chloroform extract whereas glycoside shows their presence in all the extracts (methanol, chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether ,and water)^[30].

Physicochemical evaluations of flower powder of A. lebbeck ^[31]

Loss on drying: not more than 9% (w/w)

Ash value: not more than 8% (w/w)

Acid insoluble ash: not more than 1% (w/w)

Uses of flower:

Chronic cough, bronchitis ^[^18], tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, asthma ^[24]inflammation, scrofula, skin diseases, leprosy, leucoderma, chronic catarrh, seminal weakness, opthalmopathy, poisoning ^[17], for the treatment of spermatorrhea^[4] and snakebite ^[21]

Flowering season: April to June ^[22]

Botanical Description of pod:

When mature they are light yellowish-brown, , glabrous, flat, leather-like, indehiscent, 12 - 35 cm long, and 3 - 6 cm wide, rolling along the sutures, containing 3 – 12 seeds^.[3] Mature pods remain on the tree till May-July^.[22]

Phytoconstituents of pod:

For the determination of phytoconstituents in the pod of the plant, the ethanolic and petroleum ether extract of bark were made, and subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, followed by the method given in WHO Guidelines and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The results shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and proteins in the ethanol extract whereas in the petroleum ether only fats and oils were present ^[24]. Other constituents are 3’, 5-dihydroxy-4’, 7 dimethoxy flavone, N- Benzoyl- L- phenyl alaninol ^[27] albigenin, a triterpene, albigenic acid, a triterpenoid sapogenin ^[21]

Uses of pod:

Antiprotozoal, hypoglycemic and anticancer properties ^[15] antidiabetic ^[4]

Fruiting season: April to June ^[22]

Botanical Description of seed: Round cream colored seeds ^[32,33].

Phytoconstituents of seed:

Crude protein, calcium, phosphorous, iron, niacin, ascorbic acid, amino acid composition of protein is arginine, histidine, leucine and isoleucine lysine, methionine, phenyl alanine, theonine, tyrosine and valine^[18]_,echinocystic acid and sitotosterol, ^[24] N-demethyl budmunchiamines ^[19], AL-α AI (Albizia lebbeck a-amylase inhibitor)^[33];fatty acid reported are palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidic, cis-11- eicosenoic, behenic, pentadecanoic, n- heneicosanoic, cis-9- heptadecenoic, octadecenoic and myristic acids^[34].

Uses of seed:

Piles and diarrhoea ^[25], astringent, aphrodisiac, and used as brain tonic, for treating gonorrhea, and the seed oil is applied topically to cure leucoderma, scrofulous swellings ^[4].

The seed shows nutritional and ant nutritional contents ^[35]. The proximate composition (% dry matter) of A. lebbeck in seed is moisture (3.10 ± 0.001), crude protein (27.30 ± 0.001), ether extract (7.50 ± 0.10), crude fibre (38.50 ± 0.01) and carbohydrate (19.40 ± 0.00) ^[35].

The elemental composition in the seed were examined and it was found that they are rich in Mg (7.47 ± 0.07) ppm, Fe (2.80 ± 0.002) ppm and Se (4.87 ± 1.03) ppm, whereas the amount of Cd (0.15 ± 0.001) ppm ^[34].

Albezia lebbeck containing herbal formulation:

Various Pharmaceutical industries are using A. lebbeck as a raw ingredients in manufacturing of various medicines, the details are given in Table 1.

CONCLUSION:

Albizia lebbeck has been traditionally used in the cure of various diseases, as we have illustrated in this article. Moreover, numerous research works have been reported for its uses. The plants appear to have a broad spectrum of activity on several ailments. The various parts of the plant have been explored for anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-diarrhoeal, antiseptic, anti-dysenteric, anti-tubercular and many other activities. It is reported to contain melacacidin, D-catechin, β-sitosterol, albiziahexoside, betulnic acid, echinocystic acid glycosides and triterpenoids, which may be responsible for the different biological activities. Hence, pure phytoconstituents may be isolated and used as lead molecules for synthesizing novel agents having good therapeutic activity. Standardization of extracts, phyto-pharmacology of different extracts, isolation and characterization of active phytoconstituents, elucidation of mechanism of action of the isolated compounds and clinical trial of the extracts/drugs are essential in respect of development of quality herbal medicine. In the changing global scenario the interest towards plants with medicinal value is increasing substantially in the primary healthcare system both in the developed and developing countries. Therefore, the information will help the scientists and researchers to screen the compounds responsible for different bioactivities, and to elucidate the mechanism of action.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

This research was supported by Prof. Abhimanyu Kumar, Director General, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Department of AYUSH, New Delhi.

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Received on 23.08.2013 Modified on 15.09.2013

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 6(11): November 2013; Page 1307-1313

S. No	Name of product	Manufacturer	Medicinal uses	Ref no.
1.	Aller-7™ (Aller-Ease Formula)	Natural Factors	Seasonal allergies, healthy respiratory and immune systems, promote clear airway passages and easy breathing, stabilize mast cells (which promote respiratory health), and neutralize free radicals, which can damage the body’s respiratory and immune systems.	36
2.	Herbal formulation		Treatment of piles	37
3.	Asthocalm	Sambhav Pharma Indore, Madhya Pradesh	Respiratory system booster, mainly for asthma.	38
4.	Shirishavaleha	Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine	For humoral antibody formation and cell-mediated immunity, immunomodulatory activity.	39
5.	Albizia lebbeck.	Natural remedies Pvt. Ltd	Anti-allergic	40